The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (archosauria: theropoda and ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure.

The Paranasal Sinuses: The Last Frontier in Craniofacial Biology The Paranasal Air Sinuses of Predatory and Armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and Their Contribution to Cephalic Structure

The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischia...

Homology of Facial Structures in Extant Archosaurs (Birds and Crocodilians), With Special Reference to Paranasal Pneumaticity and Nasal Conchae

Homology of virtually all major components of facial anatomy is assessed in Archosauria in order to address the function of the antorbital cavity, an enigmatic structure that is diagnostic for the group. Proposed functions center on its being a housing for a gland, a muscle, or a paranasal air sinus. Homology is approached in the context of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket method of reconstructi...

Anatomic Reference for Computed Tomography of the Paranasal Sinuses and Their Openings in the Rayini Goat

Objective-  to provide a reference anatomy of the paranasal sinuses of the goat by using computed tomographic modality. Design- Experimented study.   Animals- Five male Rayini goats.   Procedures- CT images were acquired from the head region perpendicular to the hard palate. CT windows were adjusted as necessary to  obtain the optimal image for the paranasal sinuses. The images were studie...

Skinning Dinosaurs: Bony Correlates and Patterns of Cephalic Skin Evolution in Archosauria

Bird evolution

The evolution of birds is thought to have begun in the Jurassic Period, with the earliest birds derived from theropod dinosaurs. Birds are categorized as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species of class Aves is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period, though Archaepteryx is not commonly considered to have been a true bird. Modern phylogenies place birds in the di...